W. G. Spence, trade union leader, and Australia’s Awakening

“True patriotism should be racial.” ~ W. G. Spence [William Guthrie Spence (1846-1926) was one of Australia’s foremost trade union leaders. Reproduced here are various extracts from his book of reminiscences, Australia’s Awakening: Thirty Years in the Life of an Australian Agitator (1909).] Chapter XIII. The Industrial Fight in Queensland. The squatters had cut wages. […]

Arthur Calwell, leader of the Labor Party, defender of White Australia

Arthur Calwell (1896-1973) came from humble beginnings. He was an ardent unionist and a strong advocate for workers’ rights, who was a union leader and a leader of the Australian Labor Party. Calwell started his working life as a clerk in the Victorian Public Service. When the First World War broke out, he tried to […]

Chris Watson, Australian Prime Minister, working-class champion of a White Australia

Chris Watson (1867-1941) was Australia’s third Prime Minister. He was the first Labor Party prime minister in the world. Watson was a staunch advocate of the rights of the working-class, and a campaigner for a White Australia policy. Watson took the long hard road to get into politics. He left school at the age of […]

T. J. Ryan, Queensland Premier, loyal to White Australia

Thomas Joseph Ryan (1876-1921) was Premier of Queensland (1915-1919) and had been, before his untimely death, considered to be the best choice as the new federal parliamentary leader of the Australian Labor Party.1 He graduated with a law degree from the University of Melbourne, and worked as a teacher and as a lawyer. Ryan was […]